Is the “well-defined intervention assumption” politically conservative?

Why Are Japanese Judges So Conservative in Politically Charged Cases?

T heory suggests that Japanese politicians have weaker incentives than U.S. politicians to keep lower court judges independent. Accordingly, we hypothesize that Japanese lower court judges who defer on sensitive political questions will do better in their careers. To test this, we assemble several new data sets and measure the quality of the assignments received by about 400 judges after decidi...

A Review Study on Various Conservative Management Strategies for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: What Is the Best Intervention?

Background & Aims: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders with various conservative therapeutic methods for its management. The aim of this study was to investigate national research regarding the effects of conservative treatment methods of PFPS. Methods: The review process was performed using the keywords of anterior knee pain, PFPS, quadriceps...

A Review Study on Various Conservative Management Strategies for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: What Is the Best Intervention?

Background & Aims: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders with various conservative therapeutic methods for its management. The aim of this study was to investigate national research regarding the effects of conservative treatment methods of PFPS. Methods: The review process was performed using the keywords of a...

The Distribution Semantics is Well-Defined for All Normal Programs

The distribution semantics is an approach for integrating logic programming and probability theory that underlies many languages and has been successfully applied in many domains. When the program has function symbols, the semantics was defined for special cases: either the program has to be definite or the queries must have a finite number of finite explanations. In this paper we show that it ...

Mitochondrial Haplogroups and Well Defined Populations